Dot peen marking works by electromechanically striking a carbide or diamond stylus assembly against the surface of a part to be marked.For example,dog tag engraver.The result is a succession of dots to create digits, text, logos, and 2D data matrix codes. Each such dot is the result of a pulsed current that runs through a solenoid, punches a magnet toward the surface, and subsequently returns the stylus to its starting position, awaiting the next pulse. Because each pulse occurs in only a fraction of a second, an entire 2D data matrix code, for example, can be completed in seconds (depending on the size).
Compressed air is not required.
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Notable Characteristics:
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I. Overview Â
The filling mining method fills the mining space with filling materials while returning the ore, and realizes the pressure control of the mining site. Regarding the mechanical effects of filling and controlling the ground pressure, although the viewpoints are different, the mass production practice proves that it can be summarized as follows:
(1) The filling body cannot change the stress distribution state of the excavated ore body and surrounding rock. After the excavation of the ore body, the stress balance of the original rock mass is destroyed, and the stress rise zone and the stress reduction zone are generated. The filling work always lags behind the recovery for a period of time, and displacement and deformation have occurred around the excavated ore body during filling. After filling, due to the small rigidity of the filling body, the active pressure can not be generated for the surrounding rock, and not only the original rock stress field can be restored, but also the surrounding rock continues to have a certain displacement and deformation.
(2) The filling body limits the displacement and deformation of the surrounding rock, reduces the damage of surrounding rock movement and reduces the degree of surface subsidence. This effect of the filling body is determined by the filling material, the filling method and the mining process. SMD (MDGSalaman) statistics show that some mines in Europe use different filling methods, and the roof subsidence coefficient is listed in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the sedimentation coefficients of the roof vary greatly due to different filling methods. Mine of Jinchuan Nickel mine with two mining areas, Zhaoyuan Gold Mountain sub-ore, Xiangxi gold, tin, antimony ore mine filling mining method using different programs, backfill and surrounding rock surface displacement and deformation, have played good Control role.
Table 1 Roof settlement coefficient of different roof management methods
Roof management method
Sinking system
Federal Republic of Germany
Poland
Hungary
Hydraulic filling
Wind filling
Artificial stone filling
Strip stone filling
0.45~0.55
0.50~0.60
0.58~0.85
0.12~0.20
0.25
0.40
0.55
0.25~0.50
(3) The filling body applies lateral pressure to the pillar, so that the pillar is changed from the one-way two-way force state to the three-direction force state, thereby improving the strength of the pillar.
(4) After the recovery space is filled, the elastic strain energy release rate accumulated in the surrounding rock is reduced, thereby improving the ability of the underground structure to resist the dynamic load.
    2. The relationship between the confining pressure exerted by the filling body on the pillar (surrounding rock) and the properties of the filling material
The magnitude of the quartet pressure applied by the filling body depends on the deformation conditions of the pillar (surrounding rock) and the mechanical properties of the filling material used. Figure 1 shows the stress-strain curves of the pillars in GEBlight and IEClarke quartz cores for filling materials in rigid and soft-filled materials. It can be seen from the curve that the rigid filling can not only restrain the lateral deformation of the core, but also provide a large confining pressure. Although the core compression deformation has reached 1.75% (1.4mm), it has not reached the core failure strength limit. Core Strength Core quartz specimen strength with no confining pressure of soft filling material surrounded by almost the same, but it does provide some of the core damage resistance, constrains lateral deformation of the core so that the core has Large residual strength, the latter reaching 85% of the breaking strength.
Fig.1 Stress-strain curve of core with and without filling
1-unconfined pressure; 2 in soft filling materials; 3 in rigid filling materials;
4-level stress in soft filling materials; 5 - horizontal stress in rigid filling materials
Brett believes that the lateral restraint Δσ h applied to the pillar by the filling body is:
In the formula:
σ v - the vertical stress acting on the pillar surrounded by the filler, MPa;
Λ-lateral pressure coefficient, λ=1+sinø/1-sinø;
ø-Ore internal friction angle, (°)
Due to the lateral binding force exerted by the filling body, the pillar strength increase value ΔS p can be calculated as follows:
ΔS p =λΔσ h ,MPa
The numerical simulation results show that the lateral displacement of the pillar after the filling of the goaf is significantly reduced. For example, when the mine is not filled, the lateral displacement is 41.9mm, and after filling, it is 18mm, which is 57% lower.
According to the simulation study made by similar materials in the laboratory, the filling method and filling height have great influence on the strength of the pillar. The test results are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Effect of filling method and filling height on bearing capacity of pillar
Filling type and filling material
Filling top
degree(%)
Increased bearing capacity of pillars at different filling heights (%)
10(m)
15(m)
20(m)
Cement filling (tailing sand, 200 # cement, backfill strength S c = 6MPa)
100
90
85
26.5
26.2
25.7
27.6
27.1
26.7
28.1
27.3
27.0
Hydraulic filling (quartz sand d = 0.01 ~ 0.6mm containing clay 1.2%; fine tailings d = 0.07mm)
100
90
85
80
20.5
19.6
19.0
18.4
21.2
20.0
19.2
18.8
22.0
20.8
19.5
19.2
Dry filling (quartz sand or tailings)
100
90
80
20.0
19.1
17.5
20.9
19.5
17.9
It can be seen from the table that cementation filling has a greater effect on improving the support capacity (strength) of the pillar. Although the degree of filling is 85%, the strength of the pillar is increased by 25% to 27%. The vertical displacement of the Jinchuan nickel mine with different lime-sand ratios (1:4 and 1:8) as artificial column simulations (Fig. 2) shows that only the high-strength filling body can effectively control the roof. Shen.
Fig. 2 Comparison of the amount of roof subsidence after the first layer of mining after the two kinds of filling bodies are used as artificial pillars
1-Gray sand ratio 1:8; 2-Gray sand ratio 1:4
November 23, 2021